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The Philosopher's Shirt

OCCAM’s Razor

Non moltiplicare le entità oltre il necessario. Un principio che invita a eliminare il superfluo merita un progetto che metta in pratica ciò che predica.

Ridotto al minimo indispensabile, perché qualsiasi altra cosa sarebbe ipocrisia. L’intera gamma, dall’abbigliamento agli accessori, è tutta stampata su ordinazione. Un regalo perfetto per scienziati e scettici. La spiegazione più semplice è che, di solito, è proprio questo quello che vuoi.

Questions about this design

What does the Occam's Razor design show?
A razor blade with the name OCCAM stamped on it, like a brand on a classic safety blade. The joke takes the metaphor literally – Occam's razor is a tool for shaving unnecessary assumptions off an explanation, so here it finally gets a blade. Minimal on purpose, as the principle demands.
What is Occam's razor?
A principle of economy in reasoning – do not assume more than you need. If two explanations account for the same facts equally well, prefer the one that posits fewer entities, causes or assumptions. It is named after the medieval philosopher William of Ockham and is used everywhere from metaphysics to statistics and medicine.
Who was William of Ockham?
An English Franciscan friar, logician and theologian (c. 1287–1347), from the village of Ockham in Surrey. A leading nominalist, he denied that universals like redness exist outside the mind. Summoned to the papal court at Avignon over his views, he fled in 1328, was excommunicated and spent his last years in Munich under Emperor Louis IV.
Did Ockham actually say entities should not be multiplied beyond necessity?
Not in those words. The famous Latin phrase entia non sunt multiplicanda praeter necessitatem does not appear in his surviving works; the Irish Franciscan John Punch gave that version in 1639. Ockham wrote similar things, such as plurality should never be posited without necessity, and the idea itself is older, going back to Aristotle.
Does Occam's razor mean the simplest explanation is always right?
No. It is a rule of thumb for choosing between explanations that fit the evidence equally well, not a proof that the simplest one is true. Science often moves to more complex theories when new data demand them. The razor removes needless assumptions – it does not forbid necessary ones.
Why is it called Occam's razor?
Because it shaves away superfluous assumptions. The Flemish theologian Libert Froidmont claimed in 1649 to have coined the Latin novacula occami, the razor of Ockham, and the name stuck. Occam is the Latinised spelling of the village name Ockham, which is why both spellings are correct.
How is Occam's razor used in science and medicine?
Newton made it his first rule of reasoning in the Principia – admit no more causes than are true and sufficient to explain the phenomena. Doctors learn a version as when you hear hoofbeats, think horses not zebras, balanced by Hickam's dictum that a patient can have several diseases at once.
Did Einstein say everything should be made as simple as possible, but not simpler?
Not in those words. The line is an unverified paraphrase. In his 1933 Herbert Spencer Lecture in Oxford, Einstein said the supreme goal of theory is to make the irreducible basic elements as simple and few as possible without giving up the adequate representation of any datum of experience – Occam's razor with a safety catch.
What other philosophical razors are there?
Hanlon's razor – never attribute to malice what is adequately explained by stupidity, credited to Robert J. Hanlon in 1980. Hitchens's razor – what can be asserted without evidence can be dismissed without evidence, from the writer Christopher Hitchens in 2003. Like Occam's, they are heuristics for cutting away bad explanations.
Who is the Occam's Razor design a good gift for?
For scientists, engineers, doctors, data people, sceptics and philosophy students – anyone who has ever said the simplest explanation first. It comes as a T-shirt, women's T-shirt, sweatshirt, premium hoodie, embroidered T-shirt, sweatshirt and hoodie, cap, mug and sticker.