Philosophical Dictionary

Schopenhauer called the Upanishads the solace of his life and put them next to Kant and Plato. He read them in Latin, via Persian, and built an ethics of renunciation that sounds a lot like moksha. Did he borrow his philosophy from India, and why does the meme about sex and the will to live get him right?

Philosophy means love of wisdom, and Plato’s Socrates called himself barren of it. Aristotle traced it to wonder, Russell put its value in uncertainty, and David Chalmers asked in 2015 why it makes so little progress. Thales used it to corner the olive market. So what is philosophy for, if it never settles anything?

“It’s not hoarding if it’s books” sounds like an excuse printed on a tote bag. Yet Japanese has had a word for the unread pile since the 1870s, Umberto Eco’s library became the model for Taleb’s antilibrary, and a study of 160,000 adults found that books at home matter. So what would Seneca say about your shelves?

Wittgenstein’s line about the limits of language usually gets quoted as advice to learn more words. The original says something stranger: logic, the world and the self share one boundary, and the most important things lie beyond it. Where does the quote come from, and did Wittgenstein later take it back?

Nietzsche really titled his chapters “Why I Am So Wise” and “Why I Write Such Good Books”. Ecce Homo was finished just before his collapse and kept from readers for nearly twenty years. Its title quotes Pilate at the trial of Jesus. So was he joking or losing his mind? And which famous quotes did he never write?

The Seneca meme shows a man practising voluntary discomfort, then sleeping on a pile of cash. An accuser in Tacitus put Seneca’s fortune at 300 million sesterces, and Seneca himself admitted the gap between his words and his life. Nietzsche accused them of a fraud of words. Does any of that make Seneca wrong?